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Life expectancy is a statistical measure representing the average number of years a person can expect to live, typically at birth, based on current mortality rates. It is a key indicator of a population’s overall health and well-being. Factors such as healthcare quality, sanitation, nutrition, and socio-economic conditions influence life expectancy.
Additionally, cultural practices and governmental policies play roles in shaping health outcomes, highlighting the multifaceted nature of the factors influencing life expectancy disparities among nations.
According to the map countries with the highest life expectancy are often found in Western Europe and East Asia. Below is the list of countries with the highest life expectancy and some key factors that contribute to the high life expectancy in these countries.
Top 10 countries with the highest life expectancy
Rank
Country
Life expectancy
Key factors
1
Monaco
89.52
Healthcare Excellence: Monaco boasts a state-of-the-art healthcare system, providing residents with access to top-tier medical facilities and services. Wealth and Living Standards: The principality’s affluence ensures high living standards, with access to nutritious food, recreational activities, and a low-stress lifestyle.
2
Singapore
86.35
Comprehensive Healthcare: Singapore invests heavily in healthcare infrastructure and preventive measures, contributing to a well-functioning healthcare system. Public Health Initiatives: Robust public health campaigns focus on disease prevention, early detection, and health education.
3
Macao
84.98
Economic Prosperity: Macao’s economic success contributes to overall well-being, providing citizens with the means to access quality healthcare and maintain healthy lifestyles. Low Crime Rates: Safety and security contribute to a stress-free living environment.
4
Japan
84.83
Healthy Lifestyles: Japan emphasizes a traditional diet rich in fish, vegetables, and green tea, contributing to lower rates of heart disease and longer life expectancy. Social Support Networks: Strong family and community ties contribute to mental well-being.
5
San Marino
83.86
Access to Healthcare: San Marino provides universal healthcare, ensuring citizens receive timely medical attention. Small Population: The country’s small size facilitates effective healthcare delivery and public health initiatives.
6
Canada
83.8
Universal Healthcare: Canada’s publicly funded healthcare system ensures access to medical services for all residents. Educational Attainment: High levels of education contribute to health awareness and positive lifestyle choices.
7
Iceland
83.64
Clean Environment: Iceland’s pristine environment and access to clean water contribute to a low prevalence of waterborne diseases. Low Pollution: Minimal pollution and a strong focus on environmental conservation contribute to overall health.
8
Hong Kong
83.61
Efficient Healthcare: Hong Kong’s healthcare system is efficient and accessible, contributing to early diagnosis and treatment. Urban Planning: The city’s well-designed urban spaces promote physical activity, contributing to residents’ overall health.
9
Andorra
83.42
Mountainous Environment: Andorra’s mountainous terrain offers opportunities for outdoor activities, contributing to a healthier lifestyle. Economic Prosperity: High living standards and economic stability positively impact health outcomes.
10
Israel
83.35
Innovative Healthcare: Israel is known for medical research and innovation, contributing to advancements in healthcare. Diverse Diet: A Mediterranean-influenced diet, rich in fruits and vegetables, contributes to heart health and longevity
While these factors provide insights into each country’s high life expectancy, it’s crucial to recognize that these are complex outcomes influenced by a combination of historical, cultural, economic, and social factors. Ongoing efforts in healthcare, education, and public health contribute to the sustained well-being of populations in these countries.
Top 10 countries with the lowest life expectancy
Countries with the lowest life expectancy often face challenges related to healthcare access, poverty, political instability, and high disease burdens. Some of the countries that historically have had lower life expectancies include certain sub-Saharan African nations, such as Chad, Central African Republic, Lesotho, and Sierra Leone.
Rank
Country
Life expectancy
1
Afghanistan
53.65
2
Central African Republic
55.52
3
Somalia
55.72
4
Mozambique
57.1
5
Sierra Leone
58.76
6
Chad
59.15
7
South Sudan
59.16
8
Lesotho
59.57
9
Eswatini
59.69
10
Niger
60.09
Globally, life expectancy has increased over the years due to advancements in medical science and public health initiatives. In developed countries, longer life expectancies often correlate with better healthcare systems and living standards. However, regional disparities persist, with some areas facing challenges like infectious diseases, poverty, or inadequate healthcare access that impact life expectancy.
The 10 countries with the largest increases in life expectancy from 2000 to 2020
The notable increase in life expectancy in countries such as Malawi, Zambia, Uganda, Burundi, Zimbabwe, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Angola, Tanzania, and Togo from 2000 to the present can be attributed to multifaceted efforts addressing key health and socio-economic factors.
Rank
Country
Life expectancy change (years)
Percent life expectancy change
1
Malawi
+28
+63%
2
Zambia
+21
+47%
3
Uganda
+21
+43%
4
Burundi
+20
+42%
5
Zimbabwe
+19
+42%
6
Rwanda
+19
+40%
7
Ethiopia
+18
+35%
8
Tanzania
+18
+34%
9
Togo
+17
+30%
10
Angola
+16
+35%
These nations have seen improvements in healthcare infrastructure, successful disease control initiatives, enhanced access to medical services, and advancements in maternal and child health. Additionally, economic development, improved living standards, investments in sanitation and water access, as well as educational programs and international collaborations, have collectively contributed to the positive trajectory in life expectancy. These efforts reflect a holistic approach to public health, aiming to address a range of determinants that influence overall well-being and longevity.
A decrease in life expectancy from 2022 to 2022 caused by a combination of health, social, economic, and environmental factors is noted for Vatican City (6 years), Afghanistan (-1.7 years), Peru (-1.5 years), Mexico (-1.3 years), French Polynesia (-1 year), Gibraltar (-1 year), and Mayotte (-0.7 year).
Below is an animated world map showing the change in life expectancy by country around the world.
Fascinating facts about life expectancy
Global Increase: Over the past century, global life expectancy has significantly increased. In 1900, the global average was around 31 years, while today it has surpassed 70 years.
Longevity Hotspots: Certain regions, known as “Blue Zones,” have gained attention for their unusually high concentrations of centenarians. These areas include Okinawa (Japan), Sardinia (Italy), Nicoya (Costa Rica), Icaria (Greece), and Loma Linda (California, USA).
Gender Differences: Women tend to outlive men globally. Factors such as biological differences and riskier behaviors among men contribute to this disparity.
Historical Fluctuations: Life expectancy has fluctuated throughout history due to factors like wars, pandemics, and economic conditions. The 1918 influenza pandemic, for example, significantly impacted global life expectancy.
Advancements in Medicine: Medical advancements, including vaccines, antibiotics, and improvements in surgical techniques, have played a crucial role in extending life expectancy by reducing mortality from infectious diseases.
Education and Longevity: Higher levels of education are often associated with longer life expectancy. Education contributes to healthier lifestyle choices, access to healthcare, and improved overall well-being.
Centenarians on the Rise: The number of people living to 100 and beyond, known as centenarians, has been steadily increasing, challenging traditional perceptions of aging.
Japan’s Longevity: Japan consistently ranks high in life expectancy. Factors such as a balanced diet, active lifestyle, and strong sense of community contribute to Japan’s status as one of the longest-living nations.
Optimal BMI: Maintaining a body mass index (BMI) within the healthy range is associated with longer life expectancy. Both underweight and obesity are linked to increased mortality risks.
Healthy Aging: The concept of “healthspan” focuses on not just living longer but living healthier. Encouraging healthy lifestyles and preventing chronic diseases are key components of promoting a longer, healthier life.
