Former European Capitals
Many modern European countries have changed their capital cities throughout history for various political, cultural, and strategic reasons.
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Capitals
Countries whose capital is close to the border or bordering another country
The location of the capitals is based on several principles. First, the principle is to place the capital as close to the state’s center as possible based on the predominant travel method. The next principle is based on closeness to trade routes, resources, etc.
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The spatial distribution of European capitals
Many European capitals are located on coastlines or along major rivers. This was historically advantageous for trade, transportation, and defense. Examples include London (UK) along the River Thames, Lisbon (Portugal) along the Atlantic coast, Rome (Italy) near the Tyrrhenian Sea, Paris (France) on the Seine, Berlin (Germany) on the River Spree, and Budapest (Hungary) on the Danube.
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European countries by percentage of the population living in their capital metro area
About 750 million people live in Europe (9.3% of the global population), increasing from 550 million to 750 million in these seventy years. They account for about 25% of global economic output.
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